Stranded carbon assets, poor staff management and concerns over working conditions pose significant financial risks to companies, Standard Life Investments (SLI) warns.
UK pension funds' approach to carbon holdings and sustainability risks is "very varied", ShareAction chief executive Catherine Howarth says.
The Prince of Wales has called on pension funds to use their power as institutional investors to bring environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues into mainstream investment.
Investors have exposed themselves to a $6trn (£3.9trn) "carbon bubble" by failing to address sustainability, research says.
Institutional investors have urged EU finance ministers to revise the emission trading scheme to combat the "exceptionally low" price of carbon.
A group of institutional investors has written to the world's largest public companies to demand reductions in their carbon emissions.
The impact of tighter carbon emissions rules on corporate profits will catch out schemes whose investment strategy on climate change is to "wait and see", Carbon Footprint Investments warns.